Embedded Systems - Electronics and Programming

Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit generally used in control applications. It contains all essential components such as CPU, RAM, ROM / EPROM, I/O lines etc. These devices used to control products like automobile engine control systems, medical devices, office machines, remote controls, power tools and appliances, toys and in other variety of products developed using embedded systems. 8051 Microcontroller Architecture and Block Diagram: 8051 microcontroller is a second generation 8 bit microcontroller used for a variety of applications with limited calculations and control strategies. Microcontrollers are used for industrial and commercial control applications, instrumentations, appliance control etc. 8051 microcontroller contains Boolean processor, serial port (full duplex), power saving circuit along with 8 bit CPU, RAM, ROM, Timer and Counter, I/O lines. Pin 1-8 – Port 1: 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters. It is just an...

Microprocessor is a general-purpose chip which has a CPU unit built into it. Adding an additional external circuit can make it work as a Microcomputer. Microprocessor can perform operations like adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers and fetching the data from memory for transferring it from one place to another. Microprocessor is also called as Basic Input-Output System – BIOS used for processing the input from sensor and produce equivalent output from the system. Arithmetic and Logic Unit – ALU: ALU is used to perform arithmetical and logical operations on the data stored inside a register. Accumulator: Accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetical and logical operation data is stored. Registers: These are storage devices used to store the data inside a microprocessor in different address location. Program Counter: Program counter is used for counting the no. of program executed inside a microprocessor. Stack Pointer: It acts as a pointer to the address an...

Here I am using 8 LEDs which are connected to Port 1 of microcontroller. I am using 8051 microcontroller - AT89C52 with crystal frequency of 11.0592 MHz. We design our circuit in Proteus ISIS first and then write the code in Keil uvision. Code: #include<reg51.h> void delay(int a);  // function declaration // main function void main(){ while(1){ P1=0x01; delay(30000); while(P1){ P1 = P1<<1;  // bitwise operation left shift along 1-bits delay(30000); } } } void delay(int a){ int i; for(i=0; i<a; i++); } Circuit:

Here I am using a single LED which is connected to Port 1 of microcontroller. I am using 8051 microcontroller - AT89C52 with crystal frequency of 11.0592 MHz. First let us design our circuit in Proteus ISIS and then we will go for our code to the microcontroller in Keil uvision. Code: #include<reg51.h> sbit x = P1^0; // function declarations void init(void); // initialization void delay(int a); // delay // main function void main(void){ init(); // init function call while(1){ x = 0; delay(30000);                     x = 1; delay(30000); } } void init(void){ P1 = 0x00;  // initializing Port 1 pins to 0 } void delay(int a){ int i; for(i=0; i<a; i++); } Circuit:

  System is a way of working, performing tasks according to the fixed set of rules, an arrangement in which all the units combined to do a task together following a set of rules. Embedded Systems composed of application software, hardware and operating system which may be independent system or combinational system. A software is embedded into the computer hardware which makes the computer system to performs tasks dedicated for specific application or a variety of application or specific part of an application which in turn is a part of large system. Embedded system provides high reliability and real-time computation ability. It is a microcontroller-based control system to perform a specific task of operation. A embedded system major components are: Hardware – Physical components comprising of microcontroller integrated circuit, power supply, LEDs, LCD displays, sensors, resistor and capacitors, speakers, etc. Application Software – Allows the user to perform varieties of app...